Summary Reader Response Draft 3: “Drones Take Their Place on the Cutting Edge of Wildfire Fighting”
The article
"Drones Take Their Place on the Cutting Edge of Wildfire Fighting"
(Patterson, 2021) discusses a drone program created to combat wildfires.
According to Patterson, an experimental drone, the KHawk, with a quadcopter
design, is equipped with an autopilot system, a thermal camera, and other
specialized avionics. It's designed to fly autonomously with ground control
while transmitting weather and fire data, including forecasts of where the
flames will spread next. The researchers found difficulty getting the program
to work because of the fierce winds and turbulence caused by the extreme
temperatures. Designing small, portable wings that would keep the plane stable
amid wildfires and severe winds is still a challenge. It's critical to fly
small drones safely in these scenarios. Patterson also mentions how commercial
drone platforms equipped with the payload system IGNIS carry a basket filled
with ignition spheres, which carry those that are used to set up controlled
burns. The drone has built-in cameras, high-temperature sensors, autonomous
capabilities, and a remote emergency release mechanism. With these advanced
features and systems, drones stand out among the other methods currently used
to fight wildfires in terms of cost, efficiency, and safety.
Drones are
cost-efficient when compared to other methods currently used to fight wildfires
like helicopters, planes, and firefighters. Nowadays,
“helicopters use a similar system to IGINS for ignitions”
(DJI, 2020). Although they use the same mechanisms, they cost more than drones.
Drones are significantly cheaper and more versatile than helicopters, especially
when used to combat local wildfire operations. According to Alexis et al.
(2009), from an operational perspective, the use of many low-cost unmanned
aerial vehicles (UAVs) significantly reduces the costs associated with the same
flight scenario as compared to a traditional helicopter. Moreover, Mark
Bathrick, Director of the Office of Aviation Services, states that drones can
transmit high-quality data instantaneously for a fraction of the cost of
regular flights (U.S. Department of the Interior, 2018).
Correspondingly,
drones equipped with specialist avionics also outperform other methods for
combating wildfires in terms of efficiency. With eyes above the area as well as
the ability to fly the drone to hotspots, firefighters can battle the fire more
effectively. The scene commander can better lead the firefighters on the ground
to fight the wildfires with details provided by the drone. This allows
firefighters to spot dangerous wildfires quickly and fight them effectively, as
well as monitor and track forest fires. Sherstjuk et al. (2018)
modelled a multi-UAV-based tactical forest fire monitoring system and proved
that the combination of automatic monitoring and remote sensing can be used to
create an estimated fire-spreading model that is effective and reliable in
predicting fires and improving the firefighting response.
Additionally,
drones can enhance safety by utilizing their advanced systems. Putting out
wildfires is a dangerous occupation. Between 2015 and 2017, “an estimated
25,975 firefighter injuries occurred annually on the fireground” (U.S. Fire
Administration, 2019). A firefighter's main task is to observe the fire front
to track the fire's progress and predict the path of a wildfire so that it does
not spread. This frequently results in a lack of knowledge about the fire
front, resulting in several accidents. In a risky environment, UAVs can hover
over hot spots. Deploying drones to capture real-time data can help
firefighters make better judgments and respond promptly to danger. Mark
Bathrick, Director of the Office of Aviation Services, sees the increased use
of drones as an opportunity to improve land and resource management safety and
efficiency. He also says that increasing the use of unmanned aerial systems
(UAS) or drones can improve safety in general (U.S. Department of the Interior,
2018).
However, drones
are also not perfect. Some of the downsides of a drone include its battery life
and heat tolerance. Although drones can operate in hot weather, extreme
temperatures still present a severe problem. In this case, drones are prone to
damage that causes permanent loss in battery capacity, stability, and lifespan.
When batteries are subjected to excessive heat, even with minimal exposure, the
batteries still heat up and deplete faster, resulting in a short lifespan. With
regards to operating in extreme temperatures, Myeong et al. (2017) proposed an
aerial robot made of fire-resistant material to prevent the risk of damage to
electronic equipment when directly exposed to flames.
Overall, drones are ideal for land managers looking to test experimental methods for fighting wildfires in the decades ahead. Drones have improved features and technologies that offer them a competitive advantage over other methods in terms of cost, efficiency, and safety, and they will play a prominent role in the near future. Similarly, by fully utilizing drones, both manpower and casualties can be decreased. For these reasons, the drone's significance cannot be overstated.
(784 words)
Reference:
Alexis, K., Nikolakopoulos, G., Tzes, A., & Dritsas, L. (2009). Applications of Intelligent Control to Engineering Systems: Coordination of Helicopter UAVs for Aerial Forest-Fire Surveillance. Springer, Dordrecht. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-90-481-3018-4_7
DJI, E. (2020, December 2). Dones & the Future of Fighting Forest Fires. Firefighting drone technology lights the way as global wildfires reach unprecedented proportions. https://enterprise-insights.dji.com/blog/firefighting-drones-controlled-burns
Myeong, W.C., Jung, K.Y., & Myung, H. (2017). Development of FAROS (fire-proof drone) using an aramid fiber armor and air buffer layer. 2017 14th International Conference on Ubiquitous Robots and Ambient Intelligence (URAI), 204-207. https://10.1109/URAI.2017.7992713
Patterson, T. (2021, October 7). Drones Take Their Place on the Cutting Edge of Wildfire Fighting. Flying Magazine: Sophisticated drones now find wildfire hot spots, ignite controlled fires, and plant seeds for reforestation. In the future, they’ll do even more. https://www.flyingmag.com/drones-wildfire-fighting/
U.S. Department of the Interior. (2018, February 21). Interior Announces 2017 Drone Mission Report: Drone Fleet Supports Modern Approach to Managing Wildfire and Natural Resources on Public Lands. https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/interior-announces-2017-drone-mission-report
U.S. Fire Administration. (2019, July). Fire-Related Firefighter Injuries Reported to the National Fire Incident Reporting System (2015-2017). https://www.usfa.fema.gov/data/statistics/reports/firefighter_injuries_v20i2.html
Sherstjuk, V., Zharikova, M., & Sokol, I. (2018). Forest Fire-Fighting Monitoring System Based on UAV Team and Remote Sensing. 2018 IEEE 38th International Conference on Electronics and Nanotechnology (ELNANO), 663-668. https://10.1109/ELNANO.2018.8477527
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